Chapter One

Introduction

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Science is a creative enterprise. It combines the exploration of the natural world with the generation of knowledge and its use in human endeavours. This combination of creativity with purpose is exemplified in the field of biotechnology.  But the power of the new discoveries in genetics also raises concerns in many societies as to the ethics and safety of their use, and the risks they may pose to human health, biodiversity and the environment. As a result of these societal concerns, many studies have been commissioned by national academies of science, governments, international organizations and private agencies on various aspects of modern genetics.  

This overview, commissioned by the International Council for Science (ICSU) analyses the findings of approximately 50 science-based reviews published in years 2000-2003, on modern genetics and its applications in food, agriculture and the environment. The purpose of this analysis is to consider what are the issues that concern various societies, and, on the basis of the science underpinning the discoveries in modern genetics, what are the areas of commonality, what are the areas of divergence and differing perspectives, and where are the gaps in knowledge that may be able to be addressed through additional well targeted research. The ways in which scientific knowledge is communicated and influences public perceptions and policy choices about new technologies are also considered. A bibliographic list is attached (Annex A).

Some reviews, both national and international, are charged with advising governments on appropriate regulatory frameworks for gene technology. Several reviews concentrate on those aspects of new genetics most likely to affect food safety and human health, in terms of risks and benefits. Others are more concerned with the potential impacts of gene technology on agriculture, biodiversity and the environment, through both the direct effects of new technologies and indirect effects caused by their influence on changing agricultural practices.

Other reviews are concerned specifically with the potential impact of modern genetics on emerging economies and their potential contribution towards improving food security and reducing poverty. Several reviews look not only at the scientific issues but also consider the broader context, including the ethics and values that underpin the interaction between science and societies in different parts of the world.

The content of the reviews is analyzed in terms of identifying the applications of modern genetics in food and agriculture and their implications for: 

·        Food safety and human health

·        Biodiversity conservation and environmental sustainability

·        Regulatory affairs

·        Effects on emerging economies and trade implications

·        Ethical issues, public perceptions and communications

  

Key questions in relation to genetically modified foods

Although this review considers modern genetics in the broad sense, specifically, in relation to genetically modified foods, this study seeks to answer five key questions:  

Who wants them?

Are they safe to eat?                                                                

Will there be any effects on the environment?             

Are the regulations adequate?

Will they affect trade?

 

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