Annotated Bibliography Entry  

Reference: FAO/WHO 2000
Title: Safety Aspects of Genetically Modified Foods of Plant Origin
Authors: Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on Foods Derived from Biotechnology, 29 May – 2 June 2000
Publisher: World Health Organisation, WHO Headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland
Publication details: 2000, 35p

Summary
          Conclusions
          Recommendations
Table of Contents

 

Back to FAO/WHO page

 

 

Summary

Previous expert Consultations convened by FAO/WHO and OECD have recommended that substantial equivalence be an important component in the safety assessment of foods and food ingredients derived from genetically modified plants intended for human consumption. This concept embodies a science-based approach in which a genetically modified food is compared to its existing, appropriate counterpart. The approach is not intended to establish absolute safety, which is an unattainable goal for any food. Rather, the goal of this approach is to ensure that the food, and any substances that have been introduced into the food as a result of genetic modification, is as safe as its traditional counterpart.

Several countries have used the concept of substantial equivalence as an important component of the safety evaluations of foods and food ingredients derived from genetically modified plants. They have found this approach to be scientifically sound and practical. Nevertheless, there has not been a universal consensus on the application of this concept. This has resulted in criticism that the approach does not provide a sufficient basis for safety and calls for national governments and international bodies to consider alternative approaches.

FAO and WHO convened this Consultation to evaluate experience gained since the 1996

Back to top

Conclusions

1. The Consultation agreed that the safety assessment of genetically modified foods requires an integrated and stepwise, case-by-case approach, which can be aided by a structured series of questions. A comparative approach focusing on the determination of similarities and differences between the genetically modified food and its conventional counterpart aids in the identification of potential safety and nutritional issues and is considered the most appropriate strategy for the safety and nutritional assessment of genetically modified foods.

2. The Consultation was of the view that there were presently no alternative strategies that would provide a better assurance of safety for genetically modified foods than the appropriate use of the concept of substantial equivalence. Nevertheless, it was agreed that some aspects of the steps in safety assessment process could be refined to keep abreast of developments in genetic modification technology. The concept of substantial equivalence was developed as a practical approach to the safety assessment of genetically modified foods. It should be seen as a key step in the safety assessment process although it is not a safety assessment in itself; it does not characterize hazard, rather it is used to structure the safety assessment of a genetically modified food relative to a conventional counterpart. The Consultation concluded that the application of the concept of substantial equivalence contributes to a robust safety assessment framework. The Consultation was satisfied with the approach used to assess the safety of the genetically modified foods that have been approved for commercial use. 

3. The Consultation further agreed that the safety assessment of genetically modified foods requires methods to detect and evaluate the impact of unintended effects, such as the acquisition of new traits or loss of existing traits. The potential occurrence of unintended effects is not unique to the application of recombinant DNA techniques, but is also a general phenomenon in conventional breeding. Present approaches to detect unintended effects are based, in part, on the analysis of specific components (targeted approach). In order to increase the probability of detecting unintended effects, profiling techniques are considered as potentially useful alternatives (non-targeted approach). In order to assess the biological and safety relevance of an unintended effect, the genetically modified plant should first be compared to other conventional varieties and data on it compared to literature data. If the differences exceed natural variations, a nutritional and toxicological assessment is required. This may require an evaluation of specific components of the genetically modified food or of the whole food.

4. The Consultation considered the issue of long term effects from the consumption of genetically modified foods and noted that very little is known about the potential long term effects of any foods. In many cases, this is further confounded by wide genetic variability in the population, such that some individuals may have a greater predisposition to food-related effects. In this context, the Consultation acknowledged that for genetically modified foods, the premarketing safety assessment already gives assurance that the food is as safe as its conventional counterpart. Accordingly it was considered that the possibility of long term effects being specifically attributable to genetically modified foods would be highly unlikely. Furthermore, it was recognised that observational epidemiological studies would be unlikely to identify any such effects against a background of undesirable effects of conventional foods. Experimental studies, such as randomised controlled trials (RCTs), if properly designed and conducted, could be used to investigate the medium/long term effects of any foods, including genetically modified foods. Such studies could provide additional evidence for human safety, but would be difficult to conduct. In this respect, it is also important to recognise the wide variation in diets and dietary components from day to day and year to year.

5. The Consultation recognized that genetically modified foods with intentional nutritional effects may provide improved products for developed and developing countries. The change in nutrient levels in a particular crop plant may impact on overall dietary intake. In such cases, it is important to determine alterations in nutrient content and bioavailability, and their stability with time, processing and storage, as well as to monitor changes in dietary patterns as a result of the introduction of the genetically modified food and evaluate its potential effect on nutritional and health status of consumers. However, an assessment of the impact on nutritional status of consumers is important for all significant dietary changes and not specific to the introduction of genetically modified foods.

6. The Consultation agreed that if a genetically modified food contains the product of a gene from a source with known allergenic effects, the gene product should be assumed to be allergenic unless proven otherwise. The transfer of genes from commonly allergenic foods should be discouraged unless it can be documented that the gene transferred does not code for an allergen. The novel proteins introduced into genetically modified foods should be evaluated for allergenicity on the basis of the decision-tree shown in Figure 1. Additional criteria should be considered for the addition to the decision-tree approach when the source of the genetic material is not known to be allergenic. The level and site of expression of the novel protein and the functional properties of the novel protein would be two such criteria.

7. The Consultation considered horizontal gene transfer from plants and plant products consumed as food to gut microorganisms or human cells as a rare possibility, but noted that it cannot be completely discounted. The most important consideration with respect to horizontal gene transfer is the consequence of a gene being transferred and expressed in transformed cells. An important example is the transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes, if it were to occur, from genetically modified foods to gut microorganisms. Important considerations for the assessment of the consequences of the transfer and expression of this gene in transformed cells would be the clinical and veterinary importance of the antibiotic in question, the levels of natural resistance and the availability of effective alternative therapies. In case of genes that confer resistance to drugs important for medical use, the possibility of transfer and expression of these genes is a risk that warrants their avoidance in the genome of widely disseminated genetically modified plants. The Consultation further noted that the antibiotic resistance markers currently used in genetically modified plants have been previously reviewed for safety. It concluded that there is no evidence that the markers currently in use pose a health risk to humans or domestic animals.

Back to top

8. Recommendations

1. While the limitation of animal study methodology when used on whole food has been pointed out, the Consultation was of the view that in specific cases animal testing may be useful. It is recommended that further research and standardization should be initiated in this area.

2. The detection methods for unintended effects based on the analysis of specific components could be supplemented with alternative strategies, such as profiling techniques. These techniques are under development; it is recommended that these methods are further developed and validated. This will be especially important for more complex genetic modifications perhaps involving multiple between-species gene transfers.

3. It will be important to monitor changes in nutrient levels in foods from plants derived by conventional breeding and by genetic modification, and assess their effect on the nutritional status of the population. A number of future food products with specific nutritional changes will be especially relevant to the needs of developing countries, and efforts should be made to improve the dissemination of appropriate methodologies and capacity building in the developing world.

4. It is recommended that integration of nutritional and toxicological expertise needed for the evaluation of genetically modified foods be encouraged and facilitated. This will facilitate R&D in the area of genetic modification of plants and lead to an early identification of relevant safety and nutritional issues.

5. The Consultation encourages the use of alternative transformation technologies, if available and demonstrated to be safe, that do not result in antibiotic resistance genes in genetically modified foods. If further development of technology is required, additional research should be strongly encouraged.

6. It is recommended that consensus documents are developed to facilitate uniform application of the concept of substantial equivalence. These should include guidelines for appropriate design of field trials and the use of appropriate statistical methods to generate and analyse comparative data on genetically modified plants and their conventional counterparts.

7. Communication of the principles involved in the safety assessment of genetically modified foods should be improved. The Consultation concluded that the key message to be conveyed is that substantial equivalence is a concept used to identify similarities and differences between the genetically modified food and a comparator with a history of safe food use which in turn guides the safety assessment process.

8. WHO/FAO should be encouraged to convene an Expert Consultation on the assessment of the allergenicity of genetically modified foods and the novel proteins contained therein. The Consultation should focus on the development of an improved decision-tree approach for the assessment of the allergenicity of genetically modified foods and on the standardization/validation of specific criteria, such as optimal methods for assessment of digestive stability.

9. The Consultation identified the following as the additional issues to be addressed in future FAO and WHO Consultations.
·        Safety assessment specific to genetically modified micro-organisms
·        Safety assessment specific to genetically modified animals (including fish)
·        Safety assessment of functional food, including the nutritional aspects of the genetically modified foods
·        Improved methodologies for the safety study of whole foods.
·        The use of antibiotic resistance genes in plants and microorganisms for food production in relation to possible medical problems

Back to top

FAO/WHO 2000. Safety Aspects of Genetically Modified Foods of Plant Origin

Table of Contents

1. Introduction 1

2. Background 1

3. Scope 2

4. Approaches to the Nutritional and Food Safety Evaluation of Genetically Modified Foods 3  
4.1 Introduction 3  
4.2 Safety assessment
4.3 Unintended effects
4.4 Evaluation of the concept of substantial equivalence 7

5. Nutrition-Related Issues 8
5.1 Introduction 8
5.2 Unexpected outcomes: Targeting a single nutrient can result in other alterations
5.3 Methodology for nutritional and safety evaluation 10

6. Specific Food Safety Issues 11
6.1 Introduction 11
6.2 Gene transfer from genetically modified plants: Mechanisms and consequences for food safety 11
6.3 Allergenicity 13

7. Conclusions 20

8. Recommendations 22

9. References 24

Annex 1: List of Participants 26
Annex 2: List of Documents 30
Annex 3: Reply to the Questions from the Codex ad hoc Intergovernmental Task Force 31

Back to top

Web site: http://www.who.int/fsf/Gmfood/index.htm